جک ما

Jack Ma

Jack Ma Yu (Chi ese: 马云; pi yi : Mǎ Yú ; bo Sep embe 10, 1964) is a Chi ese busi ess mag a e, i ves o a d phila h opis . He is he co-fou de of Alibaba G oup, a mul i a io al ech ology co glome a e. I addi io , Ma is also he co-fou de of Yu fe g Capi al, a Chi ese p iva e equi y fi m. As of Feb ua y 2024upda e, wi h a e wo h of $30.1 billio , Ma is he six h-weal hies pe so i Chi a, as well as he 50 h weal hies pe so i he wo ld, a ked by Bloombe g Billio ai es I dex.2

Bo i Ha gzhou, Zhejia g, Ma ea ed a Bachelo of A s deg ee wi h a majo i E glish upo g adua i g f om Ha gzhou No mal U ive si y i 1988. He became a E glish lec u e a d i e a io al ade lec u e a Ha gzhou Dia zi U ive si y followi g g adua io . The ise a d expa sio of he sof wa e a d pe so al-compu e i dus ies du i g he 1980s cap u ed Ma's a e io . This led him i o he ealm of i e e e ep e eu ship whe e he emba ked o es ablishi g his fi s busi ess i 1994, subseque ly esul i g i he fo ma io of a seco d compa y upo acqui i g a deepe u de s a di g of he i e e 's eme ge ce a d he p omisi g comme cial p ospec s i offe ed. F om 1998 o 1999, he esig ed f om Chi a Telecommu ica io s Co po a io , la e s a i g he Alibaba G oup wi h his colleagues i 1999. The compa y was i i ially fou ded as a B2B e-comme ce ma ke place websi e, ye he compa y la e expa ded i o a wide a ge of i dus y domai s ac oss he Chi ese eco omy.

I 2017, Ma was a ked seco d i he a ual Wo ld's 50 G ea es Leade s lis by Fo u e.3 He has widely bee co side ed as a i fo mal global ambassado i Chi ese busi ess ci cles, a d has co i ued o emai a i flue ial figu e i he Chi ese busi ess commu i y a d sce e of s a up compa ies.4 I Sep embe 2018, he a ou ced ha he would e i e f om Alibaba a d pu sue educa io al wo k, phila h opy, a d e vi o me al causes;5678 he followi g yea , Da iel Zha g succeeded him as execu ive chai ma .910 I 2020, he Chi ese gove me s opped pla s fo a IPO called fo he digi al payme solu io s compa y A G oup, a compa y ha he fou ded, af e he delive ed a speech ha c i icized Chi ese fi a cial egula o s fo pu i g oo much p io i y i mi imizi g isk.1112

I 2019, Fo bes Magazi e amed Ma i i s lis of Asia's 2019 He oes of Phila h opy fo his huma i a ia a d phila h opic wo k suppo i g u de p ivileged commu i ies i Chi a, Af ica, Aus alia, a d he Middle Eas .513 I 2021, Jack Ma a ked 26 h i he 2021 Fo bes Global Rich Lis wi h a fo u e of $48.4 billio USD.14

Ea ly life a d educa io

Ma was bo i Ha gzhou, Zhejia g o Sep embe 10, 1964, as Ma Yu .15 He became i e es ed i lea i g he E glish la guage as a you g boy a d bega p ac ici g i wi h E glish-speaki g visi o s who f eque ed he Ha gzhou I e a io al Ho el. Ma's g a dfa he se ved as a secu i y gua d du i g he Seco d Si o-Japa ese Wa . A he age of 12, Ma bough a pocke adio a d bega lis e i g o E glish adio s a io s f eque ly. Fo i e yea s, Ma ode 27 km (17 miles) o his bicycle eve y day o wo k as a ou guide of Ha gzhou fo fo eig e s i o de o p ac ice his E glish. He became pe pals wi h o e of hose fo eig e s, who ick amed him Jack because he fou d i ha d o p o ou ce his Chi ese ame.16 Whe Ma was 13 yea s old, he was fo ced o a sfe o Ha gzhou No. 8 Middle School as he kep ge i g i figh s. I his p ima y school days, Ma s uggled scholas ically, a d i ook wo yea s fo him o gai accep a ce a a o di a y Chi ese high school, as he o ly go 31 poi s i ma hema ics o he Chi ese high school e a ce exam.

I 1980, while he was idi g his bike o p ac ice E glish wi h ou is s, he me Ke Mo ley, who was aveli g wi h his family wi h he Aus alia-Chi a F ie dship Socie y.17 Ke 's so , David, became pe pals wi h Ma a d kep i ouch af e he family lef Chi a. Yea s la e , he Mo leys hos ed Ma i Aus alia, cha gi g he cou se of his life comple ely. Ma la e said: Those 29 days i Newcas le we e c ucial i my life. Wi hou hose 29 days, I would eve have bee able o hi k he way I do oday.18

I 1982, a he age of 18, Ma failed he a io -wide Chi ese college e a ce exam o his i i ial a emp , ob ai i g o ly 1 poi i ma hema ics. Af e wa ds, he a d his cousi applied o be wai e s a a ea by ho el. His cousi was hi ed, bu Ma was ejec ed o he g ou ds ha he was oo ski y, oo sho , a d i ge e al, p o uded a bad physical appea a ce ha may have po e ially e ded up hu i g he es au a 's image a d possibly a ishi g i s epu a io .19

I 1983, Ma failed his college e a ce exam fo he seco d ime.20 Howeve , his ma h sco e imp oved, i c easi g f om his p evious a emp o 19 poi s. The followi g yea , Ma emai ed ele lessly de e mi ed o pu sue highe educa io despi e s o g opposi io f om his family, who wa ed him o choose a diffe e ca ee pa h as a al e a ive op io . U de e ed, he decided o ake he e a ce exam a hi d ime i 1984. O his hi d a emp , Ma sco ed 89 poi s o he ma h sec io , ma ki g a sig ifica imp oveme f om his p evious wo a emp s. No e heless, he mi imum be chma k e a ce equi eme would have e de ed Ma i eligible o be accep ed i o u ive si y, si ce his sco e was five poi s below he s a da dized mi imum h eshold fo him o qualify.

Howeve , Ma's academic fo u es would cha ge si ce he e ollme a ge fo p ospec ive majo s i Ha gzhou No mal U ive si y's Depa me of E glish was o me , as some p ospec ive s ude s had he oppo u i y o be accep ed a d p omo ed i o i , wi h Ma himself havi g e ded up bei g p omo ed o he depa me 's fo eig la guage majo . Havi g ealized his aspi a io s o pu sue highe educa io af e e olli g a Ha gzhou No mal U ive si y, Ma's academic pe fo ma ce bega o imp ove subs a ially as he s eadily achieved schola ly excelle ce ove he cou se of his u de g adua e s udies. I ecog i io of his me i s as evi ced by his bu geo i g academic achieveme s, Ma dis i guished himself scholas ically by co sis e ly bei g a ked as amo g he op five s ude s i Ha gzhou No mal U ive si y's fo eig la guage depa me due o he ex e sive E glish-la guage skills ha he ho ed. He was also elec ed as he chai ma of he s ude u io a d la e became he chai ma of he Ha gzhou Fede a io of S ude s, wi h Ma havi g se ved i ha capaci y fo wo e ms.19

I 1988, Ma ea ed a Bachelo of A s deg ee i E glish f om Ha gzhou No mal U ive si y.2122 Af e g adua io , he became a lec u e i E glish a d i e a io al ade a Ha gzhou Dia zi U ive si y. Ma also claims o have applied o Ha va d Busi ess School e imes co secu ively, o ly o have e ded up bei g ejec ed eve y ime i spi e of his pe sis e effo s.23

Busi ess ca ee

Ea ly ca ee

Acco di g o Ma's au obiog aphical speech,24 af e g adua i g f om Ha gzhou No mal U ive si y i 1988, Ma applied fo 31 diffe e odd e y-level jobs a d was ejec ed fo eve y si gle o e. I we fo a job wi h he KFC; hey said, 'you' e o good', Ma old i e viewe Cha lie Rose. I eve we o KFC whe i came o my ci y. Twe y-fou people we fo he job. Twe y- h ee we e accep ed. I was he o ly guy ejec ed....2526 Du i g his pe iod, Chi a was ea i g he e d of i s fi s decade followi g De g Xiaopi g's eco omic efo ms.

I 1994, Ma hea d abou he I e e a d also s a ed his fi s compa y,27 Ha gzhou Haibo T a sla io Age cy (杭州海波翻譯社, Há gzhōu Hǎibō Fā yì Shè), a o li e Chi ese a sla io age cy. I ea ly 1995, he avelled ab oad o he U i ed S a es o behalf of he Ha gzhou mu icipal gove me wi h colleagues who had helped i oduce him o he I e e .27 Al hough he fou d i fo ma io ela ed o bee f om ma y cou ies, he was su p ised o fi d o e f om Chi a. He also ied o sea ch fo ge e al i fo ma io abou Chi a a d agai was su p ised o fi d o e. So he a d his f ie d c ea ed a ugly websi e pe ai i g o i fo ma io ega di g Chi ese bee .28 He lau ched he websi e a 9:40 am, a d by 12:30 pm he had eceived emails f om p ospec ive Chi ese i ves o s wishi g o k ow mo e abou him a d his websi e. This was whe Ma ealized ha he I e e had some hi g g ea o offe . I Ap il 1995, Ma a d his busi ess pa e He Yibi g (a compu e i s uc o ), ope ed he fi s office fo Chi a Pages, a d Ma s a ed hei seco d compa y. O May 10, 1995, he pai egis e ed he domai chi apages.com i he U i ed S a es. Wi hi a spa of h ee yea s, Chi a Pages clea ed app oxima ely 5,000,000 RMB i p ofi which a he ime was equivale o US$642,998 (app oxima ely $1.18 millio oday).

Ma bega buildi g websi es fo Chi ese compa ies wi h he help of f ie ds i he U i ed S a es.29 He said ha The day we go co ec ed o he Web, I i vi ed f ie ds a d TV people ove o my house, a d o a ve y slow dial-up co ec io , we wai ed h ee a d a half hou s a d go half a page, he ecalled. We d a k, wa ched TV a d played ca ds, wai i g. Bu I was so p oud. I p oved he I e e exis ed.30

F om 1998 o 1999, Ma headed a i fo ma io ech ology compa y es ablished by he Chi a I e a io al Elec o ic Comme ce Ce e , a depa me of he Mi is y of Fo eig T ade a d Eco omic Coope a io . I 1999, he qui a d e u ed o Ha gzhou wi h his eam o es ablish Alibaba, a Ha gzhou-based busi ess- o-busi ess ma ke place si e i his apa me wi h a g oup of 18 f ie ds.31 He s a ed a ew ou d of ve u e developme wi h 500,000 yua .

I Oc obe 1999 a d Ja ua y 2000, Alibaba wo a o al of a $25 millio fo eig ve u e seed capi al f om he Ame ica i ves me ba k, Goldma Sachs a d he Japa ese i ves me ma ageme co glome a e Sof Ba k.27 The p og am was expec ed o imp ove he domes ic Chi ese e-comme ce ma ke a d pe fec a e-comme ce pla fo m fo o li e Chi ese e e p ises o es ablish a p ese ce fo hemselves o compe e, especially fos e i g he g ow h of Chi ese small a d medium-sized e e p ises (SMEs) as well as add essi g challe ges su ou di g Chi a's e a ce i o he Wo ld T ade O ga iza io i 2001. Eve ually, Alibaba bega o show sig s of p ofi abili y h ee yea s la e as Ma wa ed o imp ove he global e-comme ce sys em. Si ce 2003, Ma es ablished Taobao Ma ke place, Alipay, Ali Mama a d Ly x. Af e he apid ise of Taobao, Ame ica e-comme ce gia eBay offe ed o pu chase he compa y. Howeve , Ma ejec ed hei offe , i s ead ga e i g suppo f om Yahoo co-fou de Je y Ya g who offe ed a $1 billio i ves me i upf o capi al fo he po e ial pu pose of expa di g Alibaba's co po a e ope a io s.

Chai ma of Alibaba G oup

Si ce 1999, Ma se ved as he execu ive chai ma of Alibaba G oup, which has emai ed o e of Chi a's mos p omi e high- ech ology holdi g compa ies i he wo decades si ce i i cep io p esidi g ove i e majo subsidia ies: Alibaba.com, Taobao Ma ke place, Tmall, eTao, Alibaba Cloud Compu i g, Juhuasua , 1688.com, AliExp ess.com, a d Alipay. A he a ual ge e al mee i g of sha eholde s fo Alibaba.com i May 2010, Ma a ou ced Alibaba G oup would begi i 2010 o ea ma k 0.3% of a ual eve ue o e vi o me al p o ec io , pa icula ly o wa e - a d ai -quali y imp oveme p ojec s. Of he fu u e of Alibaba, he has said, ou challe ge is o help mo e people o make heal hy mo ey, 'sus ai able mo ey', mo ey ha is o o ly good fo hemselves bu also good fo he socie y. Tha 's he a sfo ma io we a e aimi g o make.32

Despi e achievi g massive e ep e eu ial a d i ves me success i he Chi ese high- ech ology i dus y a d he fac ha Alibaba is a high- ech ology compa y, Ma was eve a ech ical expe o compu e ech ology o did he possess he ex e sive b ead h of execu ive ma age ial skills a d backg ou d expe ie ce o dep h of ech ical k ow-how ha would have o e heless o he wise qualified him o compe e ly u a ech ology compa y o ope a e as a i depe de ech ology e ep e eu o his ow . Eve hough Ma's fo mal educa io al backg ou d a d ex e sive ai i g was i E glish a he ha i a ech ical subjec , his dea h of ech ical expe ise did o de e him f om bei g able o compe i ively dis i guish himself f om he qui esse ial Chi ese ech ology mogul. As Ma wi h his dis i c p ofile s a ds ou amo g his e ep e eu ial co empo a ies h oughou he Chi ese high- ech ology i dus y, ma y of whom ypically have a fou da io al backg ou d i compu e e gi ee i g a d scie ce as pa of hei fo mal academic ai i g a d educa io al makeup. I s ead, Ma pa layed his educa io al backg ou d o use i a e ep e eu ial co ex by fashio i g himself as a p omo e , busi essma , ma age , admi is a o , a d o ga ize who possessed he sof skills, emo io al capaci y, a d pe so ali y wi h a k ack fo leadi g a d employi g specialis s of expe abili y f om eve y co ceivable ech ical domai . A a p ess co fe e ce i 2010, Ma made clea wi h ega ds o he lack of his ech ical expe ise by eveali g o he public ha he had eve w i e a li e of compu e code, o had eve made o e sale o a cus ome , a d ha he o ly acqui ed a pe so al compu e o do busi ess wi h fo he fi s ime a he age of 33.33

I 2011, i was a ou ced ha o e of his compa ies had gai ed co ol of Alipay, fo me ly a subsidia y of Alibaba G oup, so as o comply wi h Chi ese law gove i g payme compa ies i o de o secu e a lice se o co i ue ope a i g Alipay.34 Nume ous a alys s epo ed ha Ma sold Alipay o himself below ma ke value wi hou o ifyi g he boa d of Alibaba G oup o he o he majo ow e s Yahoo a d Sof ba k, while Ma s a ed ha Alibaba G oup's boa d of di ec o s we e awa e of he a sac io . The ow e ship dispu e was esolved by Alibaba G oup, Yahoo! a d Sof ba k i July 2011.35 I Novembe 2012, Alibaba's o li e a sac io volume exceeded o e illio yua . Ma s epped dow as he chief execu ive office of Alibaba o May 10, 2013, bu emai ed as he execu ive chai ma of he co po a io . I Sep embe 2014, i was epo ed ha Alibaba was aisi g ove $25 billio i a i i ial public offe i g (IPO) o he New Yo k S ock Excha ge.36 As of 2016upda e, Ma is he ow e of Châ eau de Sou s i Bo deaux, Cha eau Gue y i Cô es de Bou g a d Châ eau Pe e e i Blaye, Cô es de Bo deaux.37

O Ja ua y 9, 2017, Ma me wi h U i ed S a es p eside -elec Do ald T ump a T ump Towe , o discuss he po e ial of 1 millio job ope i gs i he followi g five yea s h ough he expa sio of he p ese ce of Alibaba's busi ess i e es s i he U i ed S a es.38 O Sep embe 8, 2017, o celeb a e Alibaba's 18 h yea of i s es ablishme , Ma appea ed o s age a d gave a Michael Jackso -i spi ed pe fo ma ce. He also pe fo med a pa ial e di io of El o Joh 's 1994 hi si gle Ca You Feel The Love To igh while bei g d essed up as a lead heavy me al si ge a a 2009 Alibaba bi hday eve .39 I he same mo h, Ma also pa e ed wi h Ho g Ko g busi ess ycoo , Si Li Ka-shi g i a joi ve u e o offe a digi al walle se vice i Ho g Ko g.40

Ma a ou ced o Sep embe 10, 2018, ha he would s ep dow as execu ive chai ma of Alibaba G oup Holdi g i he comi g yea .41 Ma de ied epo s ha he was fo ced o s ep aside by he Chi ese gove me 42 a d s a ed ha he wa s o focus o phila h opy h ough his fou da io .43 Da iel Zha g would he lead Alibaba as he cu e execu ive chai ma .4410 Ma s epped dow f om he boa d of Alibaba o Oc obe 1, 2020.45

Du i g ech c ackdow

News ou le s o ed a lack of public appea a ces f om Ma be wee Oc obe 2020 a d Ja ua y 2021, coi cidi g wi h a egula o y c ackdow o his busi esses.46 The Fi a cial Times epo ed ha he disappea a ce may have bee co ec ed o a speech give a he a ual People's Ba k of Chi a fi a cial ma ke s fo um,47 i which Ma c i icized Chi a's egula o s a d ba ks.47 Ma desc ibed s a e ba ks as ope a i g wi h a paw shop me ali y a d c i icized he Basel Acco ds as a club fo he elde ly.48: 50 

O Novembe 3, 2020, he Sha ghai S ock Excha ge hal ed A G oup's IPO.48: 50  Acco di g o Chi ese ba ke s a d officials, fi a cial s abili y was he objec ive behi d he i e ve io .47 A G oup had sough o mai ai a posi io as a ech ology compa y, al hough i was de ivi g app oxima ely 90% of i s eve ue f om fi a cial se vices.48: 50  This posi io b ough i i o co flic wi h he People's Ba k of Chi a (PBOC), which si ce 2018 had sough o egula e A G oup as a fi a cial holdi g compa y.48: 50  Af e A G oup filed fo i s IPO, PBOC had issued d af guideli es s a i g ha i would egula e compa ies such as A G oup as fi a cial se vices compa ies, o ech compa ies.48: 51  Du i g he IPO, fi a cial egula o s became eve mo e co ce ed abou A G oup due o i s high valua io as a ech compa y, i c easi g fea s of a bubble.48: 51 

Ma made a public appea a ce agai o Ja ua y 20, 2021, speaki g via video li k o a g oup of u al eache s a a cha i able eve , he a ual Ru al Teache I i ia ive.4649

I Novembe 2022, Ma was epo edly livi g a low p ofile life i Tokyo, Japa , fo ea ly six mo hs, a d occasio ally aveli g ab oad.50 I Ma ch 2023, pho os a d videos of Ma ou i g he Yu gu school i Ha gzhou, Chi a appea ed o social media co fi mi g he public appea a ce of he billio ai e fo he fi s ime i seve al mo hs. The school is fu ded by Alibaba a d is loca ed ea he compa y's headqua e s.51 He was epo edly pe suaded o e u f om ab oad by p emie Li Qia g.52 I he same mo h, Alibaba G oup u ed i o a holdi g compa y a d i s subsidia ies would sepa a e i o six i depe de fi ms; The Wall S ee Jou al epo ed o 30 Ma ch ha Ma e gi ee ed his i alks wi h compa y CEO Da iel Zha g while he was aveli g ove seas.53

A G oup made majo cha ges o i s ow e ship s uc u e a d co po a e gove a ce i Ja ua y 2023.48: 261  Tha mo h, A G oup a ou ced a se ies of cha ges i sha eholde vo i g igh s, a d i s fou de Jack Ma will o lo ge be he ac ual co olle of A G oup.54 Ma's vo i g igh s we e educed f om 50% o 6%.48: 271  Followi g hese cha ges, o si gle sha eholde has a co olli g s ake i he compa y.48: 261  The compa y's boa d also added a o he i depe de di ec o .48: 261  The Chi ese gove me spoke posi ively of A G oup's cha ges, i cludi g desc ibi g hem as imp oveme s i a spa e cy a d accou abili y.48: 261 

I ea ly 2024, Ma eplaced Sof Ba k as Alibaba's la ges sha eholde .55

Teachi g

I May 2023, Tokyo College, a esea ch i s i u e a he U ive si y of Tokyo, a ou ced ha Ma had bee appoi ed visi i g p ofesso a d would wo k a he i s i u e u il a he ea lies Oc obe 2023.56 His esea ch focus would i clude sus ai able ag icul u e, food p oduc io , a d lec u es o e ep e eu ship. The Fi a cial Times desc ibed he a ou ceme as a a e public s a eme of he billio ai e's commi me s ou side Chi a.57

E e ai me ca ee

I 2017, Ma made his ac i g debu wi h his fi s ku g fu sho film Go g Shou Dao, di ec ed by We Zha g a d p oduced by Je Li. The film s a s Ma, Li, Do ie Ye , Wu Ji g, To y Jaa, Jacky Heu g, Asashō yū Aki o i, Zou Shimi g, a d Na asha Liu Bo dizzo. I was filmed i collabo a io wi h he Double 11 Shoppi g Ca ival Si gles' Day. I he same yea , he also pa icipa ed i a si gi g fes ival a d pe fo med da ces du i g Alibaba's 18 h-a ive sa y pa y.585960

I Novembe 2020, i he fi ale of Af ica’s Busi ess He oes, Ma was eplaced as a judge i he elevisio show, wi h Alibaba execu ive Pe g Lei aki g his place, epo edly Due o a schedule co flic .61

Awa ds a d ho o s

Views

Ma is a adhe e of bo h Buddhism a d Taoism.868788

O Sep embe 24, 2014, i a i e view wi h Taobao, Ma a ibu ed he s e g h of Ame ica socie y o he cou y bei g oo ed i i s Judeo-Ch is ia he i age a d exp essed his belief i he impo a ce fo Chi a o impleme a posi ive value sys em i o de o ove come he af e ma h a d legacy of he bygo e Cul u al Revolu io .89

I Novembe 2018, he People's Daily ide ified Ma as a membe of he Chi ese Commu is Pa y, some hi g which su p ised obse ve s.909192

Ma eceived i e a io al c i icism af e he publicly e do sed he Chi ese wo k p ac ice k ow as he 996 wo ki g hou sys em.93 Whe asked i 2019 o give his views o he fu u e, Ma agai s a ed ha 996 was cu e ly a huge blessi g ecessa y o achieve success, bu we o o s a e ha a ificial i ellige ce ech ology migh lead o a be e life of leisu e i he fu u e, whe e people would o ly have o wo k fou -hou wo k days, h ee days a week.9495 A he same ime, Ma exp essed skep icism ha AI could eve comple ely eplace people, efe e ci g o his heo y ha success equi es a love quo ie a d s a i g ha machi es ca eve ma ch his success. Ma also p edic ed ha popula io collapse would become a big p oblem i he fu u e.9697

Phila h opy

Jack Ma is he fou de of he Jack Ma Fou da io , a phila h opic o ga iza io focused o imp ovi g educa io , he e vi o me a d public heal h.98

I 2008, Alibaba do a ed $808,000 o vic ims of he Sichua ea hquake.99 I 2009 Jack Ma became a us ee of The Na u e Co se va cy's Chi a p og am, a d i 2010 he joi ed he global Boa d of Di ec o s of he o ga iza io .100

I 2015, Alibaba lau ched a o p ofi o ga iza io , Alibaba Ho g Ko g You g E ep e eu s Fou da io , which suppo s Ho g Ko g e ep e eu s o help hem g ow hei busi esses.101102 I he same yea , he compa y fu ded he ebuildi g of 1,000 houses damaged by he ea hquake-hi i Nepal, a d aised mo ey fo a o he 9,000.103 I 2015 he also fou ded he Hupa School,104 a busi ess school.

I Sep embe 2018, Ma s a ed he Jack Ma Fou da io a d a ou ced ha he would e i e f om Alibaba o pu sue educa io al wo k, phila h opy, a d e vi o me al causes.5678

I 2019, Fo bes amed Ma i i s lis of Asia's 2019 He oes of Phila h opy a d awa ded him he Malcolm S. Fo bes Life ime Achieveme Awa d fo his wo k suppo i g u de p ivileged commu i ies i Chi a, Af ica, Aus alia, a d he Middle Eas .513

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